Samsung Buys Storage Software Maker Nvelo

Samsung has strengthened its storage business after announcing a deal to buy US-based software specialist Nvelo?in an undisclosed deal.

Two-year-old?Nvelo?is based in Santa Clara and develops data caching software. That technology increases the speed at which devices, such as computers or phones, retrieve data and information from hard disk drives and solid state devices (SSD).

The acquisition, which closed Friday, was low key but nonetheless significant as it will give the Korean electronics giant more options in the memory space. The announcement of the deal was light on details and specifics, but it did confirm that all technology and staff at Nvelo will be transferred to Samsung.

Nvelo says that its?Dataplex?product ? which was first developed by Denali, the Cadence-owned?company that Nvelo was spun out of ? detects and caches the information that is most used, allowing for the speed gains.?It?is not yet clear whether Samsung will make it, and other Nvelo products, proprietary.

?The acquisition of Nvelo will enable us to extend our ability to provide SSD related storage solutions to customers. We are pleased with this transaction as the employees of Nvelo share our vision to take SSD storage into the next-generation of performance and reliability,? said Young-Hyun Jun, executive VP of flash product and technology for Samsung?s device solutions business.

Related:?Samsung begins producing next-gen mobile memory with industry?s first 30nm 2GB LPDDR3 chips

Headline image via Jung Yeon Je/AFP/Getty

Source: http://thenextweb.com/asia/2012/12/17/529294samsung-buys-us-based-storage-software-maker-nvelo-in-undisclosed-deal/

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Hillary Clinton faints, suffers concussion (cbsnews)

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FIRST LOOK: Meet Drew Barrymore's Baby Girl!

See how the newlywed mom has changed -- from her cherub-cheeked early days to her status as a Hollywood golden girl

Source: http://www.ivillage.com/drew-barrymore-look-through-years/1-b-274948?dst=iv%3AiVillage%3Adrew-barrymore-look-through-years-274948

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Adcorp to buy Australian IT company

Delivery specialist FedEx has been accused of "systematically" overcharging its business and government clients for nearly a decade, and an?internal company message may be the smoking gun to prove it. The email from a FedEx sales executive was unsealed this week as part of a lawsuit against the company claiming that they overcharged for millions of packages over "many years."?According to Bloomberg, the email seems to make the whole case pretty cut and dried.

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/adcorp-buy-australian-company-104512839--sector.html

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'Feisty' Agent Who 'Caught' Bin Laden Does Not ... - Business Insider

The CIA Agent largely responsible for locating and planning the capture/kill mission of Osama bin Laden, isn't getting the credit she thinks she deserves.

Since her ? and America's ? success tracking down and eliminating Al Qaeda's bossman, she has run into some trouble, according to an article in the Washington Post.?

"Maya," as she's called in the Kathryn Biglow movie "Zero-Dark-Thirty," is a hero on the silver screen, and in the eyes of many colleagues, but she's become a thumbtack in the big toe of America's storied Intelligence Agency.

From the Washington Post:

This spring, she was among a handful of employees given the agency?s Distinguished Intelligence Medal, its highest honor except for those recognizing people who have come under direct fire. But when dozens of others were given lesser awards, the female officer lashed out.

?She hit ?reply all??? to an e-mail announcement of the awards, a second former CIA official said. The thrust of her message, the former official said, was: ?You guys tried to obstruct me. You fought me. Only I deserve the award.?

Matt Bissonnette, one of the SEALs on the Abbottabad raid, described the agent as "feisty" and "wicked smart," and all but credits her with the trigger pull when it came to the hunt for Bin Laden. He even said she "teed up" Operation Neptune Spear, the name given to the successful mission.

The agent's position was that of a "targeter" ? someone who locates and develops assets, as well as leads for potential drone strikes. She operated out of a safe house in Jalalabad, Pakistan, and was among the first to cite bin Laden's network of couriers as a means to reach the man himself, though she received much pushback on the lead, according to Washington Post sources.

?After this went right, there were a lot of people trying to take credit,? the former intelligence official told the Post. She ?was one of the people from very early on pushing this? courier approach.

Also under scrutiny is the agency's access given to movie director Bigelow for "Zero-Dark-Thirty," and her insinuation that torture?played an integral role in obtaining information regarding bin Laden (contrary to the evidence). Though Bigelow says she gave the movie a "journalistic" approach when it came to research, it was bound to cause speculative and investigatory stirs in various American communities.

"Maya" has since been denied promotion, given instead a "bonus" for the mission, but she remains in service on an undisclosed assignment. ?Some colleagues tell the Post they thought the promotion was impossible to deny someone who played such a role in the Agency's highest priority mission.

The CIA is also conducting an internal investigation on the disclosure of classified information to Hollywood.

Source: http://www.businessinsider.com/feisty-agent-who-caught-bin-laden-does-not-play-well-with-others-in-the-agency-2012-12

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Obama tax plan no small deal to small business owners

WASHINGTON (AP) ? President Barack Obama's plan to increase taxes on top earners would have only a small impact on the nation's economy, according to congressional budget experts. But don't tell that to small business owners facing a tax hike.

Obama's proposal would hit about 940,000 people who report business income on their individual or household returns, says the Joint Committee on Taxation, the official scorekeeper for Congress. That's only 3.5 percent of the people who report business income, but those business owners are projected to earn 53 percent of the $1.3 trillion in business income that will be reported on individual returns next year.

That, Republicans in Congress argue, makes those business owners an important engine for economic growth and job creation.

They recite it as gospel: Paying higher taxes will reduce the amount of profits business owners would otherwise re-invest in their companies, making them less likely to expand and hire more workers. Many economists agree that tax increases in general limit economic growth. But there are big disagreements about magnitude ? how much relatively small changes in the top two income tax rates would affect the economy and job creation.

The Congressional Budget Office estimated last month that Obama's plan to increase taxes only on top earners would reduce economic growth by 0.1 percent of Gross Domestic Product next year, or about $16 billion. That translates into about 200,000 fewer jobs.

By comparison, letting all the tax cuts enacted in 2001 and 2003 expire would reduce economic growth by 1.4 percent of GDP, resulting in about 1.8 million fewer jobs, the CBO said.

"It's a very tiny portion of the cliff impact and it very much raises revenues and it does so in a fair way," Rep. Sander Levin of Michigan, senior Democrat on the tax-writing House Ways and Means Committee, said of Obama's proposal. "It will not stifle economic growth in any significant way."

Most of the expiring tax cuts were first enacted under former President George W. Bush and extended by Obama in 2010. This time around, Obama says he is determined to let the tax cuts expire on income above $200,000 for individuals and $250,000 for married couples. He wants to extend the Bush tax cuts for people making less.

House Speaker John Boehner and other Republicans have said they are open to more tax revenue through reducing or eliminating tax breaks. But Boehner opposes Obama's proposal to increase tax rates on high earners.

"Raising taxes on small businesses instead of taking a balanced approach that also cuts spending is wrong," Boehner, said recently. "It's only going to make it harder for our economy to grow. And if our economy doesn't grow, Americans don't get new jobs and the debt problem that we have will continue to threaten our children's future."

Republicans often relate the tax increases to small businesses because 94 percent of America's businesses are structured so that profits go directly to partners or shareholders who report the income on their individual tax returns. It's a way for business owners to avoid paying taxes twice on the same income ? once at the corporate level and again when profits are distributed as dividends.

Under Obama's plan, the 33 percent tax rate would rise to 36 percent on taxable income above $231,000 for a married couple filing jointly. The top tax rate would increase from 35 percent to 39.6 percent on taxable income above $397,000.

Obama's plan also would phase out the personal exemption and gradually reduce itemized deductions for individuals making more than $200,000 and married couples making more than $250,000. The top capital gains tax rate would rise from 15 percent to 20 percent. Qualified dividends, which are now taxed at a top rate of 15 percent, would be taxed as ordinary income for top earners, or at a top rate of 39.6 percent.

That, some business owners complain, would leave them with less money to hire new workers or keep the ones they have.

"We're trying to encourage people to go out and hire and take risks," said Brian Reardon, executive director of the S Corporation Association. "If you are reducing the marginal value, you are reducing the incentives for folks to take that risk."

An S corporations is a common business structure in which profits flow directly to shareholders who report the income on their individual tax returns.

Business owners note that they often pay taxes on profits they don't necessarily receive. For example, if you borrow money to start or expand your business, you can use some of your profits to repay the loan, but only the interest portion of the loan payment is tax deductible.

When business owners use profits to buy new equipment or make other upgrades, it often takes several years to write off the cost of those upgrades, depending on depreciation rules.

Dan McGregor, chairman of McGregor Metalworking Companies in Springfield, Ohio, said he and the other six shareholders in the business are looking at a tax increase of $250,000 to $300,000 next year under Obama's plan.

Under Obama's plan to increase the top two income tax rates, a taxpayer would have to have an income of around $4 million ? depending on how it's structured ? to face a tax increase of $250,000.

McGregor's company, which has 365 employees at five locations, does about $80 million a year in sales, McGregor said. Each year, a portion of the profits are distributed to shareholders, along with money to pay taxes. The rest, he said, is invested back into the company.

If taxes go up, distributions to shareholders must go up to pay the higher taxes, leaving less money to reinvest in the business, McGregor said.

"I feel a $40,000 reduction is the loss of one job, so if it's a $200,000 tax increase, that's five jobs," McGregor said.

___

Follow Stephen Ohlemacher on Twitter: http://twitter.com/stephenatap

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/obama-tax-plan-no-small-deal-small-businessmen-201241565.html

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Syrian rebels gain control of captured army base

BEIRUT (AP) ? An activist group says Syrian rebels are in full control of a sprawling military base they stormed two days earlier and have killed 35 government troops in the fighting.

The Britain-based Syrian Observatory for Human Rights says the battle for the Sheik Suleiman base near the northern city of Aleppo ended on Tuesday after the rebels took over the base's main compound and warehouses.

The rebels first entered the base on Sunday afternoon, after weeks of fighting with soldiers loyal to President Bashar Assad.

The Observatory says that in addition to the 35 soldiers killed, the rebels also wounded or captured 64 government troops in the base. The Observatory relies on a network of activists inside Syria.

Syria's 20-month conflict has killed more than 40,000 people.

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/syrian-rebels-gain-control-captured-army-093403065.html

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University of Phoenix looking to draw from community colleges

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Manitou Messenger : Music on trial

Molly Raben
November 9, 2012 ? 44 views
Filed under Arts and Entertainment

Although election season has now passed, I have struggled to pull myself away from its soundtrack. In the few days prior to Nov. 6, I could not help but bump ?Don?t Stop? by Fleetwood Mac on high volume. I realize this is not 1992; however, its place in campaign history has solidified its place in many of our hearts. ?Don?t Stop? is an uplifting and energizing song reminding listeners to keep moving forward ? a poignant message central to Bill Clinton?s 1992 election campaign and one with which he has been associated over the past 20 years.

They may seem a small part of the big event, but campaign songs have been important tools in presidential elections since the mid-19th century. ?Tippecanoe and Tyler Too,? written for William Henry Harrison and John Tyler in 1840, is one of the most well-known of these early songs performed in promotion of a presidential ticket. The lyrics were written by Alexander Coffmann Ross and set to the tune of a popular minstrel song at the time, ?Little Pigs.? The song remains memorable because of its catchy alliteration and use of Harrison?s nickname, earned at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811, and also because it firmly established song as a powerful device used to spread word about candidates.

In the 20th century, those running for office began associating themselves with popular recorded music and strayed from personalized songs. For example, FDR used the popular hit ?Happy Days Are Here to Stay? in his 1932 campaign.

Not all songs used in campaigns have retained a positive association. Ross Perot became infamous for choosing to play Patsy Cline?s 1961 recording of ?Crazy? while entering his rallies. A country western ballad about heartbreak, it is no wonder Perot received much attention for his choice of campaign song and its title.

Furthermore, several incidents have occurred in which musicians have asked certain candidates to cease using their songs to promote their campaigns. Tom Petty asked George W. Bush to refrain from playing his song ?I Won?t Back Down? at events during the 2000 election season. Petty then reportedly performed the song live at Al Gore?s house after receiving news of his loss.

In 2008, vice presidential candidate Sarah Palin attempted to fire up her crowds at events with the Heart song ?Barracuda.? She later faced the band?s outrage at her actions as they did not support her campaign. Similarly, Tom Petty, once again, had to draw his music out of the grasp of a candidate he did not support. Michele Bachmann kicked off her campaign for the presidential bid with his song, ?American Girl.? Apparently, Bachmann was not the ?Girl? Petty had imagined while writing the 1977 tune.

The campaign song tradition continued through this season, with President Obama singing an excerpt of Al Green?s ?Let?s Stay Together? at an appearance at the Apollo Theatre in January. This song stuck with him throughout the following months, but following his reelection Tuesday evening, he was appropriately met with cheers and Stevie Wonder?s high-energy funk hit, ?Signed, Sealed, Delivered? at Chicago?s McCormick Place Convention Center.

Although campaign songs may no longer be as useful as they were in the mid-19th century, they do remain a staple in the election season and serve as celebratory and? energizing tools for candidates.? What better way to come together in support of presidential candidates than to sing and dance?

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raben@stolaf.edu

Source: http://www.manitoumessenger.com/arts-and-entertainment/2012/11/09/music-on-trial-4/

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Where are Facebook's friends? Stock slide deepens

NEW YORK (AP) ? Facebook's newly public stock is sliding further on its third trading day as investors reconsider how much the social network is worth.

The company's long-anticipated initial public offering of stock raised $16 billion, valuing the company at $104 billion ? more than Amazon.com Inc., at $98 billion.

But Facebook's stock has plunged after the IPO. It fell $1.09, or 3.2 percent, to $32.94 in late morning trading Tuesday, after dropping as low as $30.98 earlier in the day. The latest price is 13 percent below the IPO price of $38 and values the company at about $91 billion.

Google Inc., meanwhile, is worth nearly $200 billion.

The downward spiral has left some people sitting on big losses and others scratching their heads. After all, nothing fundamental has changed at Facebook in the days since the much-hyped company came to Nasdaq Stock Market with a ticker symbol of "FB." Facebook still has more than 900 million users, its 28-year-old founder Mark Zuckerberg controls the company, and it is still one of the few profitable Internet companies to go public.

Facebook's IPO ? like Netscape's in 1995 and Google's in 2004 ? was billed as a milestone moment. Netscape's offering ushered in the era of the Internet browser. The company's stock more than doubled in its first day of trading. Google's IPO heralded the age of search. It posted an 18 percent gain in its stock market debut. Facebook was supposed to offer proof that social media is a viable business and more than a passing fad.

But investors don't seem convinced. Facebook's stock closed Monday at $34.03, down 11 percent from Friday's closing price of $38.23. The investment banks that arranged Facebook's offering set a price of $38 on Thursday. Although many investors had hoped for a big first-day pop, Facebook's stock opened Friday at $42.05 and fluctuated between $45 and $38 throughout the day.

For a host reasons, Facebook's falling share price shouldn't have been a surprise.

? Its IPO occurred the same week that the markets posted their worse performance so far in 2012. The Standard & Poor's 500 index fell 4 percent.

? Meanwhile, Europe was trying to avert financial disaster.

? At the same time, the American public's love affair with the stock market continued to wane. People have yanked more than $400 billion from U.S. stock mutual funds since 2008.

? Banks are being cautious, too. All this is happening in the backdrop where banks are under pressure from regulators to become more conservative after the financial crisis. "Regulators want banks to take less risk," said Larry Tabb, founder and CEO of Tabb Group, a markets research firm. "To support a $100 billion offering can be challenging in this environment."

? Investors were also spooked by the trading glitches at the Nasdaq on Friday. Some people weren't sure if their trades had been executed. Trading of the stock was delayed by a half-hour.

"It was like trying to get a jumbo jet to take off in turbulent weather," said Kathleen Shelton Smith, principal at Renaissance Capital, an IPO advisory firm. "It's going to be a bumpy ride."

With all of these factors in place on the day of Facebook's IPO, some people may wonder why Facebook's stock didn't do worse.

The answer: Facebook had some help. On Friday, Facebook only got as low as pennies above the offering price of $38 per share but never fell below. The banks that arranged the IPO, the deals underwriters such as Morgan Stanley and others, put in enough "buy" orders at $38 to keep the price from dropping below that level.

It's a customary gesture from underwriters to support the company they helped bring to market, explains Jay Ritter, a finance professor at the University of Florida. It's a way to save face and show that the company and the bankers gauged an appropriate level of demand from investors and valued the company correctly.

Pulling off a successful IPO means properly gauging supply and demand. The underwriters work with the company to decide how much stock to sell and at what price. Facebook sold 421 million shares. That was a lot of stock to sell. It is one of the largest IPOs on record.

Investors and the technology industry are closely tracking the Menlo Park, Calif.-based company's shares. In the same way that Netscape ushered in a new era for Internet darlings in 1995, Facebook may have done the opposite for similar companies waiting to go public today. There are 168 companies in the pipeline trying to raise $41 billion through IPOs in the U.S.

"Facebook has raised cost of capital for all the companies that come with an IPO in its wake," said Smith.

Facebook's falling share price may be a sign that investors are taking a rational look at the company's financial performance in comparison to its peers.

Though there are many ways to judge if a stock's price is too high or too low, one popular method is to compare it to earnings. The so-called price-earnings ratio, divides a company's stock price by the company's annual earnings per share. A higher ratio suggests a stock is expensive because, in a sense, it takes more years of earnings for investors to get back they paid for it. A lower ratio suggests it is cheap.

By this logic, Facebook looks expensive compared with some companies. It is trading at 74 times its earnings in the past year, according to FactSet, a research firm. That compares with Apple at 13.7 times and Google at 18.6 times. The Nasdaq index of technology stocks trades at 20.8 times.

"There must have been some sober second thoughts about this," said Brian Wieser, an analyst at Pivotal Research Group who was first to come out with a "Sell" rating on Facebook's stock on Friday.

It's not that he believes the world's largest online social network is a bad investment. But at $38 per share, it's just too expensive considering the risks associated with Facebook's brief history and unproven advertising model, he says. His fair price, or "target price," is $30.

Wedbush analyst Michael Pachter, who came out with an "Outperform" rating on Facebook before its IPO, said he believes the investment banks that arranged the offering overestimated demand for the company's stock.

Facebook originally set a price range of $28 to $35 for its IPO, which would have valued the company at $95 billion at the high end. Last Tuesday, though, it increased the price range to $34 to $38 per share, valuing the company at as much as $104 billion.

Then, responding to extraordinary demand from prospective investors, the company announced on Wednesday that it would add 84 million shares to the offering. The shares came entirely from the company's early investors ? such as Goldman Sachs and venture capitalist Peter Thiel. The fact that these investors were offloading more stock instead of hanging on to it may have served as a warning sign to new investors.

"The late addition of 84 million shares to the offering overwhelmed demand, limiting the first day price," Pachter said in a note to investors.

Aside from rational risk calculations, some investors "un-friended" Facebook for emotional reasons on Monday. Alper Aydinoglu, a student at DePaul University in Chicago sold all 50 shares that he got via E-Trade at $38 last week. He took an 11 percent loss.

"I'm not willing to stick through the volatility," Aydinoglu said.

___

AP Business Writers Bernard Condon and Michelle Chapman contributed to this story.

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California Considers DNA Privacy Law

Image: Lawrence OP/Flickr

Showcasing more than fifty of the most provocative, original, and significant online essays from 2011, The Best Science Writing Online 2012 will change the way...

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California lawmakers are weighing a bill aimed at protecting their state's citizens from surreptitious genetic testing but scientists are voicing their growing concerns that, if passed, such a law would have a costly and damaging effect on research.

The bill, dubbed the Genetic Information Privacy Act, would require an individual's written consent for the collection, analysis, retention, and sharing of his or her genetic information?including DNA, genetic test results, and even family disease history.

"It's becoming easier and quicker and cheaper for people to obtain their genetic profile or genetic information," says the bill's author, California state Senator Alex Padilla. "It's such sensitive and personal information that it ought to be protected," he says. Padilla also authored an earlier bill, enacted in January, which extended federal protections against genetic discrimination.

Under the newly proposed bill, a person's genetic information may only be accessed by individuals specifically named on a consent form, and only for purposes written on the form. Genetic information along with the original samples must be destroyed once their specified purposes are fulfilled.

Such requirements could seriously hinder genomic research, says geneticist David Segal, associate director of genomics at the University of California, Davis. He points out that scientists typically sequence DNA from thousands of people to discover genes associated with particular diseases. Under the proposed legislation, a large genomic dataset could not be re-used to study a different disease. Researchers would either need to destroy the data after each study, or track down thousands of former subjects for new authorizations?an infeasible task, he says.

"It's just an incredible proposition that the money and effort that would be spent to obtain those large datasets would be just thrown away," Segal adds. "California would be shut out of doing that kind of genetic research."

The University of California has submitted a formal letter objecting to the bill, estimating that the measure could increase administrative costs by up to $594,000 annually?money which would come out of the cash-strapped state's General Fund. The university has also expressed concern that its researchers would suffer competitive losses in obtaining research grants.

Advocates for genetic privacy are not entirely sympathetic.

"If researchers are worried about not being able to do research with inadequate consent, then maybe they should be worried," says Jeremy Gruber, president of the Council for Responsible Genetics based in Cambridge, Massachusetts, which supports the bill.? "Nothing in this bill prevents anybody from doing research, it simply adds a level of consent," Gruber says.

Segal says that University of California policies governing human research already require informed consent for research using genomic data and typically require genetic information to be identified with numbers instead of subjects' names. But the new bill would require authorization for re-use of even anonymous data.

"My intent is not to impede research; my intent is to protect consumers," says Padilla. He notes that some research subjects may not want their data stored and re-used in other experiments. "That's one of the gaps we're trying to close," he says.

Constructive feedback

Many states do not have laws governing surreptitious genetic testing, and those that do vary widely in their restrictions, according to a 2009 report by the Genetics and Public Policy Center. In 2006, Minnesota passed a law that requires written consent for collection, storage, use, and sharing of genetic information. In the November 2011 decision of?Bearder?v. State of Minnesota, the Minnesota Supreme Court found the state's own department of health in violation of the law for keeping blood samples routinely used to screen newborns for serious illnesses and, in some cases, using the samples to validate new genetic tests.

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ooVoo update brings 12-way video calling, Facebook registration, user upload option

It's a big day to be an ooVoo fan (and probably an equally big day to become one), as they've announced a pretty massive update to not only their Android app, but also their service as a whole. Starting today, ooVoo users can participate in 12-way video chat from all ooVoo mobile applications, the desktop program, and even Facebook.

The interface for the Android application has been updated and also feature a simple, one-click Facebook registration option (for those who are new to ooVoo). Similarly neat is the ability to send an oovoo Call Link, so friends who don't have ooVoo can still be connected to you.

ooVoo also listened to user feedback and has added call record and upload functions right into your chat, giving you access to uploading to YouTube, Facebook, and Twitter.

What do y'all think of the update? Impressed? Let down? Neither? Be sure to sound off and let us know, and if you haven't yet, be sure to take the new ooVoo for a spin.

We've got the full presser and download links to the updated app after the break.

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Health Insurance in Los Angeles | Xpress Healthcare ? affordable ...

Health Insurance In Los Angeles

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Video Rating: 0 / 5

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Video Rating: 4 / 5

Health Insurance in Los Angeles

Guide to Buy Individual Health Insurance in Los Angeles

Most individuals want to stay without any type of security than going for a personal strategy as the later is more costly Health Insurance in Los Angeles plan to buy.

WHEN TO GO FOR AN INDIVIDUAL PLAN?
Individual programs are not generally desired by individuals as they are not affordable. However if a individual is self applied, or his household insurance plan does not deal with him or if he is between tasks, then the only substitute that he has is to go for an personal specialist strategy.

TYPES OF INDIVIDUAL PLANS
While a individual in such a scenario has no other choice, but to go for an personal strategy, the selection can be found in the type of strategy he chooses. There are various specialist programs that are not too hefty on the wallet. Here is a look at the few of them.
- Preferred Provider Organization: This is the most popular personal strategy. Though there is a system of medical care suppliers, one can opt for a physician outside the system as well. In a case of crisis, the receiver may not even have to pay additional for referring with a physician outside the system.
- Overall Health Insurance in Los Angeles: It is a primary personal strategy and is the best choice when one has financial limit. The strategy specializes in offering main and protective treatment.
- Indemnity plan: It provides insurance plan according to insurance deductibles and up to the highest possible granted for that insurance plan.

QUESTIONS TO BE ANSWERED
When looking to buy one of the more expensive types of specialist strategy, it is important that you are fulfilled that it provides you with exactly the type of security that you are looking. Quick guidelines on the following and you can be confident of the security.
- Is your selection of physician involved in the offered network?
- Will it deal with your specialist costs outside your state?
- Will your established scenario impact your coverage?
- What will be the Health Insurance in Los Angeles deductible, top quality and the co-insurance that I am expected to pay?
- What are the advantages specific to the strategy I am looking for?

Health Insurance In Los Angeles

TIPS TO GET YOUR INDIVIDUAL PLAN CHEAP
Agreed that personal programs are expensive, but that does not mean there is no way around. If you research properly, then you will absolutely come across programs that are relatively more cost-effective.
Agreeing to pay a higher Health Insurance in Los Angeles deductible instantly indicates that you are shelling out a smaller top quality. So if you looking for a strategy that hopefully you will never use, then this is a excellent permutation to look for.
One can also lower the top quality by eliminating certain health services in the strategy. For example, if you have no programs of maternity currently, then why pay more for pregnancy advantages in your specialist programs.
However, the sure taken way getting a strategy at a more cost-effective rate is to buy it as soon as possible. Premium will depend on the specialist position and age of the individual which generally indicates the mature you get, the more top quality you have to pay. Hence the idea is to buy your personal strategy now so that you don?t have to pay more for it later on.

INDIVIDUAL PLANS AFTER THE REFORMS
There is a common false impression that one has to pay more after the reforms are integrated. But in fact, rates could go down by 14 to 20 % after the Act is integrated. And with the tax credit being available to the citizens, personal rates could depreciate further by about 60%. Individuals do not have to pay more for co-pays and insurance deductibles either as there would be a cap on how much one will pay from his wallet.
Individual programs will also come with some other essential advantages. This will involve avoidance and Health Insurance in Los Angeles and fitness advantages at no additional cost, suggested vaccination and an access to the state-based Change. They will also allow individuals to select their own physician from the taking part suppliers. Also there would be no prior endorsement necessary to visit an ob-gyn.
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There are many alternatives to select from before you publication your holiday. Shop around and discover out what you already have. Only then can you create a knowledgeable decision regarding what additional Health Insurance in Los Angeles you may need to be completely protected. Traveling is used to be a stress-free pleasant time. For example, your insurance plan could arrive at over $ 1000.00 if you have a pre-existing scenario, are over 65 and are vacationing for two several weeks. If you get in a nip, there are always third celebration loan companies that would allow you to go on that special holiday if you necessary a loan for your Health Insurance in Los Angeles plan security.

What does OHIP deal with if I depart the nation on vacation?
- OHIP highly suggests buying additional specialist insurance plan security.
-OHIP will only lead a part to the price if any sort of incident satisfies certain requirements. For example your ?pre-existing conditions? won?t be protected.
Credit Card Coverage: Concerns to ask?
-If I own cards with specialist insurance plan circumstances but do not publication a holiday using that card, am I still protected through them?
-Do I need to tell my Card company I am getting the holiday and do I have to identify all of the details?
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-What is the most covered? Will it deal with me to be traveled house if required?
-Do I have to be returned and pay up front for specialist expenses?
-Am I still protected if I am over 65?
-Is my household protected under the same card?

When buying a Take a travel Insurance plan that?s right for you, buy it with the attitude that you will use it. There are several aspects to consider in buying a personalized Health Insurance in Los Angeles plan. Most programs are according to age, the length of your energy and effort you will be out of the nation, and your historical past.
Banks can provide you with extremely specific guidelines that clearly magic out every possible scenario. They offer a wide range of alternatives from all-inclusive programs, to just crisis specialist offers, to holiday termination guidelines.
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LA Police: 2 arrests in Chinese student killings

LOS ANGELES (AP) ? Two young men were arrested Friday in the killings of two Chinese graduate students who were shot in an apparent robbery attempt last month near the University of Southern California, police said.

Los Angeles Police Chief Charlie Beck said Javier Bolden, 19, and Bryan Barnes, 20, were arrested on suspicion of the murders, which sent shockwaves through the university where nearly 1 in 5 students is from overseas. The victims' parents filed a lawsuit this week accusing USC of misrepresenting the campus' safety.

Ming Qu, of Jilin, and Ying Wu, of Hunan, were shot April 11 while sitting in a BMW about a mile away from the USC campus. Both students were 23 years old.

The motive for their killings was still under investigation, Beck said, but the "evidence points to a street robbery," and investigators believe the killings were part of a larger string of crimes the two men committed in Los Angeles.

"Forensic evidence recovered at the scene linked them to two other attempted homicides," Beck said. Evidence directly linked both suspects to the victims, he added.

Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa congratulated the city's police force, which cooperated with the FBI and the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives to investigate the killings and make the arrests Friday.

He praised officers for "diligence in following every lead and investigating every detail."

Beck declined to provide details of how the suspects were pinpointed but said, "This was a crime that shocked this city, and we absolutely left no stone unturned."

Barnes was arrested at a home near campus Friday afternoon, and Bolden was arrested a few hours later in Palmdale, Beck said. Both were being held without bail and are set to be arraigned Tuesday.

The shooting sent shockwaves through USC, which has the largest number of international students of any U.S. university. Roughly 19 percent of the school's 38,000 students are from outside the U.S., including 2,500 from China.

The campus is located in an urban center a few miles south of downtown. It is across the street from county museums and not far from the Staples Center arena and a gentrifying area of Victorian homes. Yet it is also known as an area that had faced high crime and gang activity.

The victims' parents filed a lawsuit Wednesday alleging the school made false claims about safety in the "frequently asked questions" section of its online application.

The 15-page lawsuit accuses USC of hiding behind the word "urban" and not saying the school is in a high-crime residential area. It also notes that Chinese students in particular would interpret urban to mean USC is in a safe area.

"The 'urban' representation misled Chinese students, including Ming Qu, into believing the area is safe since in China, the more urban the area, the safer the area," the lawsuit states, claiming USC understood this is how Chinese students would interpret the description.

USC lawyer Debra Wong Yang said the university was deeply saddened by the deaths but found the lawsuit to be baseless.

The school and city police announced new security measures after the slayings and promised more video cameras, escorts and patrols.

The additional security will include sending over 30 more officers to the department division that handles the USC area, and the university will pay for four additional officers to patrol the student residential neighborhoods, Beck said.

In a statement Friday, USC President C.L. Max Nikias praised law enforcement and city officials.

"The arrest of the suspects in the tragic deaths of our graduate students, Ying Wu and Ming Qu, begins the process of healing and of closing a painful chapter in the life of our community," Nikias said.

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Tips For Internet Marketing Success | Mini Cupcakes

Posted on May 19, 2012 by IsabellaCarroll

Add multimedia content to your website to catch the attention of customers who don?t like to read. Everyone is attracted to different types of content. If you blog with nothing but articles, you will lose customers who don?t want to read it. By mixing your posting up with videos, images and audio you will increase your customer base.

If you cannot afford to build and maintain a website, there are still many places on the internet where you can post free or almost-free advertisements, sales copy and graphic banners. You can submit your contact info in online yellow pages, newsgroups and classified ads pages, hosted by major publications.

The development of your website is going to play a big role in the success or failure that you have. If it is not user friendly and easy to navigate through, you are not going to get readers to stick around on your site for long or return in the future.

Even if you do not have a lot of money, do your best to make sure that your web site looks professional. People will not buy things from a poor quality site because they will be under the impression that the products you sell are of poor quality too.

An important tip regarding Internet marketing is to obtain an online social networking and microblogging account. This is a great way to get news or information out to subscribers, and also a great way to link back to your site. It is important to remain as credible and professional as possible through any media that you use.

Make your ad look like an article. Most consumers will be more inclined to look at something that looks like an article. They will want to hear what you have to say and will click on your ad. When they get to your sales pitch they will already be interested.

A good set of words to include in any advertisement for internet marketing are emotional words. Words such as love, relief, freedom, happy and satisfaction give the consumer a good sense of security that you care for them. It also gives them the pleasure of happiness and it assures them that if they buy your product they will experience these things.

To promote your product efficiently, you should help your potential customers realize that they need it. Expose their material and emotional problems, and explain how your product could help them and make their lives easier or happier. This is a very simple method but it has been the core of advertisement for decades.

Inform your customers and potential customers that you are using a secured server for your ordering system. Reassure everyone that you are doing everything withing reason to protect their private financial and personal information. It?s important that they know that you care about their online privacy and are doing everything that you can to protect them.

Consider sending your customers a catalog of products that compliment the original product they purchased, as part of your internet marketing strategy. Include any sort of product upgrade, component or attachment that you feel would make the original product even better. If the customer liked the first product they bought, they are likely to buy from you again.

Yes, a good website is essential to an online business, but as you have read, it needs to be easily found using a good marketing strategy. This cannot be done without proper internet marketing. So, what are you waiting for? Use the above tips to make internet marketing work for your business!

One of the best sites when comes to finding work from home guides is Bloggers Deck. Bloggers Deck offers great tricks for all who want to make money online. Start earning money online right now with these useful tips. How To Earn Money Blogging

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DeadMau5 Ignites Twitter Feud, Calls Pauly D's New Video 'Garbage'

'Night of My Life' video 'typical bottlepopping playpressing garbage im sure everyones sick of,' deadmau5 tweets.
By Jocelyn Vena

Pauly D
Photo: WireImage

After putting to bed his feud with Madonna, it seems EDM star Deadmau5 is embroiled in a new Twitter beef, this time with MTV's own DJ Pauly D.

It all began when Pauly posted a link to his new music video for the track "Night of My Life." He asked his fans, followers and Twitter in general, "So how do you like the video?" Mau5 apparently checked it out and didn't like what he saw.

"Well since you asked," Deadmau5 tweeted, "I didn't really enjoy it. it looked like it cost about $150 to make, and nothing really creative about it."

For those wondering what made Mau5 so mad, the video's concept is pretty simple and by all standards, pretty innocuous. It plays out almost like a mini-episode of Pauly's MTV show, "The Pauly D Project," following him from gig to gig, confetti and champagne flying everywhere. It also features some behind-the-scenes moments, including the "Jersey Shore" star hanging with his pals and meeting fans.

Pauly didn't let the jab go, but did offer up a little quip to answer his fellow DJ's dig. He tweeted, "T-Shirt $40 Jeans $120 Hair Gel $12 Being Hated On By Deadmau5#Priceless."

Like any good feud, it didn't end there. Dead's response? "hating? the f---? you clearly don't know me enough if you thought that was 'hating'. was just some friendly-ish advice."

Things continued to escalate on Dead's side, with him tweeting responses including, "i'll just leave it at: 'Don't blame your failure on haters. If everyone thinks you suck, they're not haters, they're right.' - Daniel Tosh," and in response to a fan, he added, "nah, i just thought it was a piece of sh--, in short. typical bottlepopping playpressing garbage im sure everyones sick of."

"Well, now that Jersey (and quite possibly the rest of the eastern seaboard) 'came at me bro' i guess its time for bed soon," Deadmau5 added before asking where Snooki is and then resigning, "im kidding. that was a joke. sorry."

With Deadmau5 seemingly over the whole thing, Pauly pondered, "Wonder If I Could Get @Deadmau5 To DJ My Birthday ?? Now That Would Be The #NightOfMyLife."

As the whole beef came to an end, Pauly had a few final words before ending the battle on his end. "Maybe He Just Needs Some Cheese To Go With His Whine ... #WheresMyMau5Trap," he said, then tweeted, "Well @DeadMau5 Today Was A Pleasure , Hope U Had Fun Too , But I Got Show To Watch Tonight #PaulyDProject U Should Tune In@MTV."

Sound off on the Twitter feud in the comments below!

Related Artists

• DJ Pauly D
• deadmau5

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Facebook investors left guessing after Nasdaq glitch

[ [ [['A picture is worth a thousand words', 5]], 'http://news.yahoo.com/why-facebook-bought-instagram-4-theories-160400376.html', '[Related: Why Facebook bought Instagram: 4 theories]', ' ', '630', ' ', ' ', ], [ [['He was in shock and still strapped to his seat', 9]], 'http://contributor.yahoo.com/join/yahoonews_virginiabeach', '[Did you witness the jet crash? Share your story with Yahoo! News]', ' ', '630', ' ', ' ', ], [ [['A JetBlue flight from New York to Las Vegas', 3]], 'http://yhoo.it/GV9zpj', '[Related: View photos of the JetBlue plane in Amarillo]', ' ', '630', ' ', ' ', ], [ [['Dick Clark', 11]], 'http://news.yahoo.com/photos/dick-clark-dies-at-82-slideshow/', 'Click image to see more photos', 'http://l.yimg.com/a/p/us/news/editorial/c/21/c217c61aa2d5872244c08caa13c16ec5.jpeg', '500', ' ', 'Reuters', ], [ [['the 28-year-old neighborhood watchman who shot and killed', 15]], 'http://news.yahoo.com/photos/white-house-stays-out-of-teen-s-killing-slideshow/', 'Click image to see more photos', 'http://l.yimg.com/cv/ip/ap/default/120411/martinzimmermen.jpg', '630', ' ', 'AP', ], [ [['Titanic', 7]], 'http://news.yahoo.com/titanic-anniversary/', ' ', 'http://l.yimg.com/a/p/us/news/editorial/b/4e/b4e5ad9f00b5dfeeec2226d53e173569.jpeg', '550', ' ', ' ', ], [ [['He was in shock and still strapped to his seat', 6]], 'http://news.yahoo.com/photos/navy-jet-crashes-in-virginia-slideshow/', 'Click image to see more photos', 'http://l.yimg.com/cv/ip/ap/default/120406/jet_ap.jpg', '630', ' ', 'AP', ], [ [['xxxxxxxxxxxx', 11]], 'http://news.yahoo.com/photos/russian-grannies-win-bid-to-sing-at-eurovision-1331223625-slideshow/', 'Click image to see more photos', 'http://l.yimg.com/a/p/us/news/editorial/1/56/156d92f2760dcd3e75bcd649a8b85fcf.jpeg', '500', ' ', 'AP', ] ]

[ [ [[' the 28-year-old neighborhood watchman who shot and killed', 4]], '28924649', '0' ], [ [['because I know God protects me', 14], ['Brian Snow was at a nearby credit union', 5]], '28811216', '0' ], [ [['The state news agency RIA-Novosti quoted Rosaviatsiya', 6]], '28805461', '0' ], [ [['measure all but certain to fail in the face of bipartisan', 4]], '28771014', '0' ], [ [['matter what you do in this case', 5]], '28759848', '0' ], [ [['presume laws are constitutional', 7]], '28747556', '0' ], [ [['has destroyed 15 to 25 houses', 7]], '28744868', '0' ], [ [['short answer is yes', 7]], '28746030', '0' ], [ [['opportunity to tell the real story', 7]], '28731764', '0' ], [ [['entirely respectable way to put off the searing constitutional controversy', 7]], '28723797', '0' ], [ [['point of my campaign is that big ideas matter', 9]], '28712293', '0' ], [ [['As the standoff dragged into a second day', 7]], '28687424', '0' ], [ [['French police stepped up the search', 17]], '28667224', '0' ], [ [['Seeking to elevate his candidacy back to a general', 8]], '28660934', '0' ], [ [['The tragic story of Trayvon Martin', 4]], '28647343', '0' ], [ [['Karzai will get a chance soon to express', 8]], '28630306', '0' ], [ [['powerful storms stretching', 8]], '28493546', '0' ], [ [['basic norm that death is private', 6]], '28413590', '0' ], [ [['songwriter also saw a surge in sales for her debut album', 6]], '28413590', '1', 'Watch music videos from Whitney Houston ', 'on Yahoo! Music', 'http://music.yahoo.com' ], [ [['keyword', 99999999999999999999999]], 'videoID', '1', 'overwrite-pre-description', 'overwrite-link-string', 'overwrite-link-url' ] ]

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Google Drive

Recently, some lucky Google users received an invitation to Google Drive (free to $4.99 per month). If you haven't yet been invited to Drive, relax because you actually have most of the product and service already. It's called Google Docs, and it's fantastic.

Confused? The newly launched Google Drive is merely a rebranding of Google Docs with a few added features, chief among them local file syncing. In other words, Google Docs?ahem, Drive?now works more like Dropbox , SugarSync, CX, or any other file-syncing service you care to name, while still retaining the core Docs functionality, too. You can upload files to your Google account, convert them to Google's file format to edit them online or create new docs in the Web interface, collaborate with others in real time, and export the finished products to more standard file formats, like .doc, .rtf, .pdf, .csv, and so on.

Because of these wide-ranging capabilities, Google Drive is an Editors' Choice, although there isn't any one product or service that directly competes with it at the moment. Google Drive was the first file-syncing service to include a free online office suite and?seamlessly incorporate cloud-based file-syncing (Skydrive is the only other service that has all these features). While Google has positioned its new Google Drive cloud-storage service as one that straddles the consumer and business space, those using it for collaboration will probably get the most out of it. We have no hesitation recommending Google Drive, as it is an excellent platform and service, but that doesn't mean it's the only file-syncing service you should use either.

Main Features of Drive
The gist of Google Drive, and the main attraction to it, is it can store your files in the cloud where they are accessible to you and your collaborators, and become highly searchable.

One feature related to "search" stands out: Google's ability to scan a photo and "read" it using optical character recognition, or identify it using its own technology. The only other app of this kind that uses built-in OCR nearly as well is Evernote , although you have to have a paid Premium account to use it.

Google also claims Drive allows videos to be uploaded, but we encountered some issues with that part of the service.

Like many other general file-syncing services, Google Drive works better for document files than multimedia. It's not ideally meant to be a music and video streaming service?for that kind of product, you'll likely need a paid service and device, such as the Verbatim Mediashare Mini, although SugarSync does offer some neat capabilities and support for streaming iTunes music. Amazon Cloud also offers some special support for music and movies. However, within the Google universe you can use Google Play in tandem with Drive (more on that in a bit).

The toughest criticism Google Drive has faced so far amount of concerns over privacy and IP ownership. My feeling on the topic is this: If you are comfortable using Gmail, you should be comfortable with Google Doc. If you are skeptical of Google's user agreements, don't use Google products. For more in-depth analysis, see "Google Drive's Terms of Use: Lazy People Should Worry."

Carryover Features from Google Docs
The core services and functionality that were in Google Docs, namely, a free online office suite where files are also hosted, are still intact in Drive. Google Docs is one of the best known free alternative to Microsoft Office, although it's entirely Web-based?there's no software to install to use it (the only downloadable part is the app for local syncing with Drive).

As with Microsoft Office, Google Docs/Drive (the old name still shows up if you haven't signed up for Drive yet) lets you create word processing documents, spreadsheets, presentation documents, forms, vector drawings, and now in beta, tables. Google hosts your files, too, so when you log in, all your files are there. You can sort them into customizable folders, which appear along a left pane, or just search for what you need, using a standard search bar in the Web app.

When you create a document in Google Docs (or Drive as it were), the file format used is Google's own. However, the system couldn't be more flexible. You can export Google documents to more standardized files formats, like .doc, .rtf, .ppt, .pdf, and more; and you can import practically any document with the option of keeping it in its native format (which may limit your ability to edit it) or translating it into a Google doc file, which makes it editable in the online service. I've certainly had my share of moments when I was stuck on a computer that didn't have Microsoft Office at the very moment someone emailed me an important file that required my feedback pronto. Google Docs saved the day. I could open the file in Google Docs/Drive, edit it, and export the revised file back out to its original form. Occasionally some formatting will go haywire during this process (bullet points, the bane of my formatting existence!) but it gets the job done.

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How To Get the Best Personal Finance Software | Cash Advance ...

Finances are among the most important assets that one has to manage properly. However, even if people are aware of how necessary it is, they still continue to stash away cash and neglect to keep a budget. So as a result, they end up in financial trouble, not having enough cash for the more important things they need.

It is therefore necessary to know how to manage finances and the best to tool to use is the personal finance software. Choosing such means getting software that is suitable to one?s needs and demands. Currently, there is a number of personal finance software that one can use. It just takes time and effort in choosing which one is most suitable. It is also necessary to find the one that ensures security especially if it is online. There should also be a backup of all the files and records just in case something goes wrong.

Here are a few of these software and their characteristics.

1. Mvelopes Personal Budgeting System. This software is helpful to those who are on the go and wish to simply focus on their personal budget. This software can be taken anywhere with the user as long as there is internet connection. In such case, the user can use it to analyze financial transactions and help reduce expenses.

2. Quicken or Microsoft. This is for those who wish to keep track of their investments, this is the appropriate software.

3. Mint from Intuit. This software provides a wide range of features. But instead of downloading it, it simply has to be accessed via the internet and the user will only have to open an account. After registering, the user will already have access to his financial accounts, household budget, and investments. However, a disadvantage of this software is that is in advertising as one will be sold different products as soon as sign up is completed. Another disadvantage is that it only works with US financial institutions.

Cash Advance has the best and most useful personal financial software

Cash Advance, Australia?s leading provider of online payday loans, has created its own personal financial software that is suitable to your needs. Called a special budget planner, it can simply be downloaded from its site, www.cashadvance.com.au. Furthermore, it can be used to track the things being spent on and help determine how the user can save his money.

Cash Advance is indeed very helpful because it also provides instant cash to Australians who are in need of it. As long as they are 18 years old and above at the time of the application, have an active checking account and a job to return the borrowed money. Even if it does a credit check on its borrowers, a default will not matter as a high percentage of approval is still possible. It also does not require any collateral so all properties of the borrower are safe in his possession.

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Get This Workers Compensation Insurance

Get this workers compensation insurance. You will really like the amazing deals this company is offering. I know because I?m curring using them myself to cover my employees at the business I own. This company has some amazing insurance agents and they will tell you everything you need to know about this kind of insurance. So go ahead and ask them all the questions you want. Since you?re new to this, I think this is a necessary move on your part. Good luck.

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IU research: Forest diversity from Canada to the sub-tropics influenced by family proximity

Public release date: 17-May-2012
[ | E-mail | Share ]

Contact: Steve Chaplin
stjchap@iu.edu
812-856-1896
Indiana University

Discovery could impact how conservation, management decisions are made

BLOOMINGTON, Ind. -- How species diversity is maintained is a fundamental question in biology. In a new study, a team of Indiana University biologists has shown for the first time that diversity is influenced on a spatial scale of unparalleled scope, in part, by how well tree seedlings survive under their own parents.

Scientists have long considered conspecific negative density dependence (CNDD), a process where the mortality of a species rises in coincidence with its increasing abundance, to be a key mechanism maintaining diversity at the local scale. In new research to be published Friday in the journal Science, the IU researchers show that this mechanism is driving diversity from the boreal forests to sub-tropical forests.

The report, "Conspecific negative density dependence and forest diversity," is authored by Daniel Johnson, a doctoral student in the IU Bloomington College of Arts and Sciences' Department of Biology. Co-authors are Wesley T. Beaulieu, also a doctoral student in the Department of Biology, and biology professors James D. Bever and Keith Clay, Johnson's major advisor.

Their work analyzed data on forest composition from over 200,000 plots containing more than 1.3 million trees and from paired plots containing over 1.7 million seedlings of 151 different tree species. The plots were located from the Canadian border south to Florida and from the Atlantic coast to the 100th meridian and covered over 1.5 million square miles. The U.S. Forest Service spends about $62 million each year to gather the publicly available forest inventory data used in the IU study.

"We are now able to provide robust evidence that CNDD is pervasive in forest communities from boreal to sub-tropical regions and that it can significantly affect the relative abundance and richness of species with and between forests," Johnson said. "And we now see that the ability to which one tree species can sustain itself in the same area has profound impacts on the diversity of species at a spatial scale that has not been attainable previously. This is the first time it's been shown to be happening not just at a local spatial scale but over the entire eastern US."

The concept of CNDD is based on the well-known Janzen-Connell hypothesis, which proposes that the close proximity of adults reduces seedling survival of that species through increased attack by host-specific pests and pathogens.

Studies of CNDD in the past have mostly focused on forest communities at single sites or of a single species, with the most recent work showing that in tree species, composition and abundance can be influenced by CNDD at the scale of individual trees.

"Local interactions have previously been considered to affect species diversity at a local scale, but our findings indicate that local interactions feed back to species richness and abundance over much larger geographical scale, spanning most of eastern North America," Johnson said.

Evidence that local interactions underlie regional species richness is in contrast to the current understanding that patterns of forest diversity are primarily driven by temperature, precipitation and other physical aspects of the environment. This discovery has implications for how forest modeling is conducted and conservation and management decisions are made.

###

For more information or to speak with Johnson or other co-authors, please contact Steve Chaplin, IU Communications, at 812-856-1896 or stjchap@iu.edu. Tweeting IU science news: @IndianaScience

---

[ | E-mail | Share ]

?

AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.

Public release date: 17-May-2012
[ | E-mail | Share ]

Contact: Steve Chaplin
stjchap@iu.edu
812-856-1896
Indiana University

Discovery could impact how conservation, management decisions are made

BLOOMINGTON, Ind. -- How species diversity is maintained is a fundamental question in biology. In a new study, a team of Indiana University biologists has shown for the first time that diversity is influenced on a spatial scale of unparalleled scope, in part, by how well tree seedlings survive under their own parents.

Scientists have long considered conspecific negative density dependence (CNDD), a process where the mortality of a species rises in coincidence with its increasing abundance, to be a key mechanism maintaining diversity at the local scale. In new research to be published Friday in the journal Science, the IU researchers show that this mechanism is driving diversity from the boreal forests to sub-tropical forests.

The report, "Conspecific negative density dependence and forest diversity," is authored by Daniel Johnson, a doctoral student in the IU Bloomington College of Arts and Sciences' Department of Biology. Co-authors are Wesley T. Beaulieu, also a doctoral student in the Department of Biology, and biology professors James D. Bever and Keith Clay, Johnson's major advisor.

Their work analyzed data on forest composition from over 200,000 plots containing more than 1.3 million trees and from paired plots containing over 1.7 million seedlings of 151 different tree species. The plots were located from the Canadian border south to Florida and from the Atlantic coast to the 100th meridian and covered over 1.5 million square miles. The U.S. Forest Service spends about $62 million each year to gather the publicly available forest inventory data used in the IU study.

"We are now able to provide robust evidence that CNDD is pervasive in forest communities from boreal to sub-tropical regions and that it can significantly affect the relative abundance and richness of species with and between forests," Johnson said. "And we now see that the ability to which one tree species can sustain itself in the same area has profound impacts on the diversity of species at a spatial scale that has not been attainable previously. This is the first time it's been shown to be happening not just at a local spatial scale but over the entire eastern US."

The concept of CNDD is based on the well-known Janzen-Connell hypothesis, which proposes that the close proximity of adults reduces seedling survival of that species through increased attack by host-specific pests and pathogens.

Studies of CNDD in the past have mostly focused on forest communities at single sites or of a single species, with the most recent work showing that in tree species, composition and abundance can be influenced by CNDD at the scale of individual trees.

"Local interactions have previously been considered to affect species diversity at a local scale, but our findings indicate that local interactions feed back to species richness and abundance over much larger geographical scale, spanning most of eastern North America," Johnson said.

Evidence that local interactions underlie regional species richness is in contrast to the current understanding that patterns of forest diversity are primarily driven by temperature, precipitation and other physical aspects of the environment. This discovery has implications for how forest modeling is conducted and conservation and management decisions are made.

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For more information or to speak with Johnson or other co-authors, please contact Steve Chaplin, IU Communications, at 812-856-1896 or stjchap@iu.edu. Tweeting IU science news: @IndianaScience

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